Dictionary:
Mont·ser·rat (mŏnt'sə-răt') 
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Montserrat was visited in 1493 by Columbus and colonized by the English and Irish in 1632. After changing hands several times between France and Britain, it was ceded to Great Britain in 1783. The island was a member of the former Leeward Islands colony and of the Federation of the West Indies. It has had internal self-government since 1960. In 1995 the Soufrière Hills Volcano, which had not erupted in historical times, began a series of devastating eruptions that destroyed most of S Montserrat, including the capital and the main port. The majority of the population was evacuated, and more than half the island's land area was rendered uninhabitable. Periodic hurricanes can cause extensive damage to the island.
| Dialing Code: Montserrat |
The international dialing code for Montserrat is: 473
| Local Time: Montserrat |
| Statistics: Montserrat |
| Background: | English and Irish colonists from St. Kitts first settled on Montserrat in 1632; the first African slaves arrived three decades later. The British and French fought for possession of the island for most of the 18th century, but it finally was confirmed as a British possession in 1783. The island's sugar plantation economy was converted to small farm landholdings in the mid 19th century. Much of this island was devastated and two-thirds of the population fled abroad because of the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano that began on 18 July 1995. Montserrat has endured volcanic activity since, with the last eruption occurring in July 2003. |
| Location: | Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico |
| Geographic coordinates: | 16 45 N, 62 12 W |
| Map references: | Central America and the Caribbean |
| Area: | total: 102 sq km land: 102 sq km water: 0 sq km |
| Area - comparative: | about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC |
| Land boundaries: | 0 km |
| Coastline: | 40 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm |
| Climate: | tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation |
| Terrain: | volcanic island, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: lava dome in English's Crater (in the Soufriere Hills volcanic complex) estimated at over 930 m (2006) |
| Natural resources: | NEGL |
| Land use: | arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% other: 80% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | NA |
| Natural hazards: | severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995) |
| Environment - current issues: | land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation |
| Geography - note: | the island is entirely volcanic in origin and comprised of three major volcanic centers of differing ages |
| Population: | 5,097 note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned (July 2009 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 27.6% (male 731/female 678) 15-64 years: 65.5% (male 1,599/female 1,738) 65 years and over: 6.9% (male 232/female 119) (2009 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 28.5 years male: 28.2 years female: 28.7 years (2009 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 0.392% (2009 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 12.36 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) |
| Death rate: | 8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | NA (2009 est.) |
| Urbanization: | urban population: 14% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 2.2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.95 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2009 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 16.08 deaths/1,000 live births male: 12.01 deaths/1,000 live births female: 20.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 72.76 years male: 74.74 years female: 70.68 years (2009 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 1.23 children born/woman (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | NA |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | NA |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA |
| Nationality: | noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: Montserratian |
| Ethnic groups: | black, white |
| Religions: | Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations |
| Languages: | English |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97% (1970 est.) |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): | total: 16 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2006) |
| Education expenditures: | 3.3% of GDP (2004) |
| Country name: | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montserrat |
| Dependency status: | overseas territory of the UK |
| Government type: | NA |
| Capital: | name: Plymouth geographic coordinates: 16 42 N, 62 13 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Plymouth was abandoned in 1997 because of volcanic activity; interim government buildings have been built at Brades Estate in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat |
| Administrative divisions: | 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter |
| Independence: | none (overseas territory of the UK) |
| National holiday: | Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926) |
| Constitution: | effective 19 December 1989 |
| Legal system: | English common law and statutory law |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Peter A. WATERWORTH (since 27 July 2007) head of government: Chief Minister Lowell LEWIS (since 2 June 2006) cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the finance secretary elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually becomes chief minister |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral Legislative Council (11 seats, 9 popularly elected; members serve five-year terms) note: expanded in 2001 from 7 to 9 elected members with attorney general and financial secretary sitting as ex-officio members elections: last held 31 May 2006 (next to be held by 2011) election results: percent of vote by party - MCAP 36.1%, NPLM 29.4%, MDP 24.4%, independents 10.1%; seats by party - MCAP 4, NPLM 3, MDP 1, independents 1 note: in 2001, the Elections Commission instituted a single constituency/voter-at-large system whereby all eligible voters cast ballots for all nine seats of the Legislative Council |
| Judicial branch: | Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia, one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court) |
| Political parties and leaders: | Montserrat Democratic Party or MDP [Lowell LEWIS]; Movement for Change and Prosperity or MCAP [Roselyn CASSELL-SEALY]; New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA |
| International organization participation: | Caricom, CDB, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, UPU, WFTU |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | none (overseas territory of the UK) |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | none (overseas territory of the UK) |
| Flag description: | blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross |
| Economy - overview: | Severe volcanic activity, which began in July 1995, has put a damper on this small, open economy. A catastrophic eruption in June 1997 closed the airports and seaports, causing further economic and social dislocation. Two-thirds of the 12,000 inhabitants fled the island. Some began to return in 1998, but lack of housing limited the number. The agriculture sector continued to be affected by the lack of suitable land for farming and the destruction of crops. Prospects for the economy depend largely on developments in relation to the volcanic activity and on public sector construction activity. The UK has launched a three-year $122.8 million aid program to help reconstruct the economy. Half of the island is expected to remain uninhabitable for another decade. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | $29 million (2002 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | $NA |
| GDP - real growth rate: | -1% (2002 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | $3,400 (2002 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 1.2% industry: 23.1% services: 75.7% (1999 est.) |
| Labor force: | 4,521 note: lowered by flight of people from volcanic activity (2000 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: | 6% (1998 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | NA% |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA% |
| Budget: | revenues: $31.4 million expenditures: $31.6 million (1997 est.) |
| Fiscal year: | 1 April - 31 March |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 2.6% (2002 est.) |
| Central bank discount rate: | 6.5% (31 December 2007) |
| Commercial bank prime lending rate: | 10.4% (31 December 2007) |
| Stock of money: | $17.9 million (31 December 2007) |
| Stock of quasi money: | $43.9 million (31 December 2007) |
| Stock of domestic credit: | $5.537 million (31 December 2007) |
| Agriculture - products: | cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, peppers; livestock products |
| Industries: | tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances |
| Industrial production growth rate: | NA% |
| Electricity - production: | 22 million kWh (2006 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption: | 20.46 million kWh (2006 est.) |
| Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2007 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2007 est.) |
| Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) |
| Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2007 est.) |
| Oil - consumption: | 505.5 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
| Oil - exports: | 0 bbl/day (2005) |
| Oil - imports: | 482.6 bbl/day (2005) |
| Oil - proved reserves: | 0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 0 cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Exports: | $700,000 (2001) |
| Exports - commodities: | electronic components, plastic bags, apparel; hot peppers, limes, live plants; cattle |
| Imports: | $17 million (2001) |
| Imports - commodities: | machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials |
| Debt - external: | $8.9 million (1997) |
| Currency (code): | East Caribbean dollar (XCD) |
| Currency code: | XCD |
| Exchange rates: | East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003) note: fixed rate since 1976 |
| Telephones - main lines in use: | NA |
| Telephones - mobile cellular: | NA |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: modern and fully digitalized domestic: NA international: country code - 1-664; landing point for the East Caribbean Fiber System (ECFS) optic submarine cable with links to 13 other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998) |
| Radios: | 7,000 (1997) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 1 (1997) |
| Televisions: | 3,000 (1997) |
| Internet country code: | .ms |
| Internet hosts: | 409 (2008) |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 17 (2000) |
| Internet users: | NA |
| Airports: | 2 (2008) |
| Airports - with paved runways: | total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2008) |
| Roadways: | note: volcanic eruptions that began in 1995 destroyed most of the 227 km road system; a new road infrastructure has been built in the north end of the island (2008) |
| Ports and terminals: | Little Bay, Plymouth |
| Military branches: | no regular military forces; Royal Montserrat Police Force (2008) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 16-49: 2,528 (2008 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 16-49: 1,126 females age 16-49: 1,226 (2009 est.) |
| Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: | male: 36 female: 33 (2009 est.) |
| Military - note: | defense is the responsibility of the UK |
| Disputes - international: | none |
| Illicit drugs: | transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe |
| Wikipedia: Montserrat |
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Montserrat
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| Anthem: "God Save the Queen" |
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| Capital | Plymouth (de jure) 1 Brades (de facto) 16°45′N 62°12′W / 16.75°N 62.2°W |
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| Official languages | English | |||||
| Ethnic groups | West African, Mulatto, British, Irish[1] | |||||
| Government | British Overseas Territory | |||||
| - | Queen | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Governor | Peter Andrew Waterworth | ||||
| - | Chief Minister | Reuben Meade | ||||
| British overseas territory | ||||||
| - | British control established | 1632 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 102 km2 (219th) 39 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | negligible | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | July 2005 estimate | 4,488 (216th) | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2002 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $99 million (not ranked) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $3,400 (not ranked) | ||||
| HDI | n (unranked) (n/a) | |||||
| Currency | East Caribbean dollar (XCD) |
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| Time zone | (UTC-4) | |||||
| Internet TLD | .ms | |||||
| Calling code | +1-664 | |||||
| 1 | Abandoned in 1997 following a volcanic eruption. Government buildings are currently located in Brades, making it the de facto capital. | |||||
| 2 | An estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned. | |||||
Montserrat (pronounced /mɒntsəˈræt/) is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving 40 kilometres (25 mi) of coastline.[2] Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia, Spain. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
Its Georgian era capital city of Plymouth was destroyed and two-thirds of the island's population were forced to flee abroad by an eruption of the previously dormant Soufriere Hills volcano that began on July 18, 1995.[3] The eruption continues today on a much reduced scale, the damage being confined to the areas around Plymouth including its docking facilities and the former W.H. Bramble Airport. An exclusion zone extending from the south coast of the island north to parts of the Belham Valley has been closed because of an increase in the size of the existing volcanic dome.
Visitors are no longer permitted entry into Plymouth, however a spectacular view of the volcano and the destruction it has wrought upon the capital can be had from Garibaldi Hill which is accessible on foot or by all terrain vehicle from Isles Bay. The village of Brades currently serves as the temporary centre of government while construction proceeds on a new town at Little Bay in the north of the island, out of reach of further volcanic activity.
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Contents
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Montserrat was populated by Arawak and Carib people when it was claimed by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage for Spain in 1493, naming the island Santa María de Montserrate, after the Blessed Virgin of the Monastery of Montserrat. The island fell under English control in 1632[4] when a group of Irish suffering anti-Catholic violence in Nevis, many of whom had been forcibly removed from Ireland as indentured servants, settled there. The import of African slaves, common to most Caribbean islands, began early. An economy based on sugar, rum, arrowroot and Sea Island cotton was established. By the late 1700s there were many plantations on the island.
In 1782, during the American Revolutionary War, Montserrat was briefly captured by France. It was returned to the United Kingdom under the Treaty of Paris which ended that conflict. A failed slave uprising on 17 March 1798 led to Montserrat becoming one of only four places in the world that celebrates St Patrick's Day as a public holiday (the others being the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador). Slavery was abolished in Montserrat in 1834.
Falling sugar prices during the nineteenth century had an adverse effect on the island's economy and in 1869 the philanthropist Joseph Sturge of Birmingham, England formed the Montserrat Company to buy sugar estates that were no longer economically viable. The company planted limes starting production of the lime juice, set up a school, and sold parcels of land to the inhabitants of the island, with the result that much of Montserrat came to be owned by smallholders.[5]
From 1871 to 1958 Montserrat was administered as part of the Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands, becoming a province of the short-lived West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962. In 1979, Beatles producer George Martin’s AIR Studios Montserrat opened and the island attracted world-famous musicians who came to record in the peace and quiet and lush tropical surroundings of Montserrat.[6]
The last decade of the 20th century, however, brought two events which devastated the island. On September 17, 1989, the Category 5 Hurricane Hugo struck Montserrat with sustained winds of 160 miles per hour, damaging over 90 percent of the structures on the island. AIR Studios closed, and the tourist trade upon which the island depended was nearly wiped out. Within a few years, however, the island had recovered considerably—only to be struck again by disaster.
In July 1995, Montserrat's Soufriere Hills volcano, dormant throughout recorded history, rumbled to life and began an eruption which eventually buried the island's capital, Plymouth, in more than 12 metres (39 ft) of mud, destroyed its airport and docking facilities, and rendered the southern half of the island uninhabitable. Following the destruction of Plymouth, more than half of the population left the island due to the economic disruption and lack of housing. After a period of regular eruptive events during the late 1990s, including one on June 25, 1997 in which 19 people died when they were overtaken by a pyroclastic flow, the volcano's activity in recent years has been confined mostly to infrequent ventings of ash into the uninhabited areas in the south. However, this ash venting does occasionally extend into the populated areas of the northern and western parts of the island. The southern part of the island has been evacuated and visits are severely restricted.[7]
Today most of Montserrat remains lush and green. A new airport at Geralds in the north (renamed the John A. Osborne International Airport in 2008) was opened officially by Princess Anne, the Princess Royal in February 2005, and received its first commercial flights on July 11, 2005. Docking facilities are in place at Little Bay, where the new capital is being constructed.
The people of Montserrat were granted full residency rights in the United Kingdom in 1998, and citizenship was granted in 2002.
Montserrat is divided into three parishes:
Only Saint Peter Parish is inhabited, having a population of of between 4,000 and 6,000.[8] Saint Peter Parish covers the north-west of the island,[9] and was therefore least affected by the eruptions of Soufrière Hills, the island's volcano.
The island of Montserrat is located approximately 480 km (300 miles) east-southeast of Puerto Rico and 48 km (30 miles) southwest of Antigua. It comprises only 104 km² (40 square miles) and is increasing gradually owing to volcanic deposits on the southeast coast of the island; it is 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, with dramatic rock faced cliffs rising 15 to 30 m (50–100 feet) above the sea and smooth bottomed sandy beaches scattered among coves on the west side of the island. Montserrat has been a quiet haven of extraordinary scenic beauty.
Montserrat has two islets: Little Redonda and Virgin, and Statue Rock.
From 1979 to 1989 Montserrat was home to a branch of George Martin's AIR Studios which made the island popular with working musicians who often went there to record while taking advantage of the island's wonderful climate and lushly beautiful surroundings.
Since the twin devastations of Hurricane Hugo and the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, the Montserratian economy has been effectively halted. Export businesses currently based in Montserrat deal primarily in the selling and shipping of aggregate for construction. Imports include virtually everything available for sale on the island.
The island's operating budget is largely supplied by the British Government and administered through DFID (the Department for International Development) amounting to approximately £25 million per year. Additional amounts are secured through income and property taxes, license and other fees as well as customs duties levied on imported goods.
Population: 5,879 (2008 estimate)
Note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island (primarily to the UK) following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; few have returned. Pre-eruption population was 13,000 in 1994.
Age structure:
Median age:
Population growth rate: 6.9% (2008 est.)
Birth rate: 17.57 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate: 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate: 195.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
Infant mortality rate:
Life expectancy at birth:
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS—adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS—people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS—deaths: NA
Nationality:
Ethnic groups: black, white—mainly of mixed Irish and African descent
Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations
Languages: English
Literacy:
Cricket is a popular sport in Montserrat. Players from Montserrat are in fact eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team. Jim Allen was the first to play for West Indies and he represented the World Series Cricket West Indians. No other player from Montserrat had gone on to represent West Indies until Lionel Baker made his One Day International debut against Pakistan in November 2008.[12]
Montserrat has its own FIFA Affiliated Football Team, and has twice competed in the World Cup qualifiers. A field for the team was built near the airport by FIFA. The Montserrat team are currently tied for 199th place in the FIFA world rankings with eight other teams, including American Samoa and Guam. In 2002, the team competed in a friendly with the second-lowest-ranked team in FIFA at that time, Bhutan, in The Other Final- the same day as the final of the 2002 World Cup. Bhutan won 4-0.
Currently, American and British elementary and middle school students are eligible to participate in an Operation Montserrat live simulation. This is a videoconference program based on events of 1996 in which a hurricane approaches and a volcanic eruption occur nearly at the same time. The students are responsible for rescuing all of the people. In the weeks leading up to this, they practice the skills they need in their classroom.[13]
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| Misspellings: Montserrat |
Common misspelling(s) of Montserrat
| Translations: Montserrat |
Dansk (Danish)
n. - Montserrat
Français (French)
n. - Montserrat
Deutsch (German)
n. - Montserrat
Português (Portuguese)
n. - Montserrat
Español (Spanish)
n. - Montserrat
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
蒙塞拉特
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 蒙特色納
한국어 (Korean)
몬트서랏 (카리브해에 있는 섬)
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - מונטסראט
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